RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMOTIONAL ANXIETY, COPING STRATEGIES AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT OF THE INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS IN NIGERIA
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Background to the study
Emotional anxiety may likely have emotional implication on those who have direct personal experience, witnessing or learning about the event that involves actual or threatened death or injury.According to Bremmer (2014), emotional anxiety is something of an invisible epidemic and the events underlying it are often mysterious and always unpleasant. Symptoms of emotional anxiety matched up with a measurable loss of neurons in hippocampus, using brain imaging trauma survivors were found to have an 8% reduction in the right hippocampal volume which is associated with short term memory lossBremmer (2014)`.Emotional anxiety is associated with working memory, attention, poor concentration, hyper vigilance to threat in the environment and other cognitive defects that could adversely influence individuals’ performance on standardized tests (Rutkowski, Vasterling, Proctor &Anderson, 2013). Finding oneself in this kind of situation requires victim to source for ways to cope in the prevailing situation. Coping means dealing with a situation. However, for a psychologist, coping is the process by which a person takes some action to manage, master, tolerate or reduce environment and internal demands that cause or might cause anxiety and what will tax the individual inner resources (Lazarus &Folkman, 2014). Coping strategies are the techniques people use to deal with anxiety. Effective coping requires that people have variety of strategies and make appropriate choices about when to use them. No single strategy is bad or good, but some strategies tend to be more effective than others. For example, some coping 2 strategies involve actively dealing with the anxieties, whereas others strategies are more passive. Passive coping strategies include refusing to accept the reality of the problem, trying to ignore the problem, avoiding the situation, engaging in distraction activities, or sleeping more than usual. Internal displacement is a common consequence of Nigerian inter-communal and political violence, flooding and forced evictions (IDMC, 2013). In other words, internal displacement of persons could be triggered by natural disasters or human-induced conflict which leads to violent clashes. Irrespective of the cause of the displacement, the phenomenon always leaves negative socioeconomic footprints on millions of people worldwide. A serious source of concern however lies with internal displacement of persons arising from humaninduced violent clashes and conflicts in recent times. Internally displaced persons (IDPs) arising from violent clashes are victims of various kind of injustices or violence confrontations, perpetrated against them by their own government or agents of communal clashes, riots, terrorism, natural disasters, religious conflicts, among others (Hamzat, 2013). The Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC) accounted that in 1982, only1.2 million people were IDPs in 11 countries; however, by 2015, there were 20 to 25 million in more than 40 countries, almost twice as many as refugees. At the end of 2015, there were 26 million people worldwide who had been internally displaced by conflict, general violence or violations of human rights. This figure rose to 27.1 million at the end of 2013 and 27.5 million at the end of 2013. (1DMC, 2013, 2014, 2015). The estimated figure at the end of 2015 was 28.8 million indicating that additional 6.5 million people were newly displaced, nearly twice as many as the 3.5 million during 2015 (IDMC, 2013). IDPs suffer emotional problems which are characterized by memory of fearful events and nightmare (Durosaro&Ajiboye, 2015), loss 3 of livelihoods, frustrations, abuses, threats of assaults etc. (Mazo, 2015). The misery of displaced persons has in recent years become a formidable problem of global significance and implications (Ladan, 2013). The causal factors of internally displacement of persons in Nigeria has been linked to many unfortunate developments over unfounded arguments on religious beliefs, under-development, poverty, unequal distribution of wealth, ethnic tensions, unemployment, political and economic subjugation of minorities, absence of democratic procedures, intolerance, and many other factors. The grave consequence of this has impacted nearly every facet of national development. Displaced persons under international law are persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obligated to flee or to have caused to leave their homes or place of habitual residence in particular, violations of human rights, situations of generalized violence, natural or man- made disasters, to another place considered relatively safe either within their own national borders (as internally displaced persons) or travel across an internationally recognized state border as refugees (Ladan, 2016). Internally Displaced Persons are mostly victims of the brutality of man against man, various kind of injustices or violence confrontations, perpetrated either by their own government against them or by others.Ladan (2016) described IDPs as persons or groups of persons who because of armed conflict, systematic violations of human rights, internal strife, or natural or man-made disasters have been forced to flee their homes or places of habitual residence suddenly or unexpectedly, to another location but have not crossed an internationally recognized state border and this have been a cause of psychological imbalance among the IDPs. With these incidents, the victims tend to try to psychologically adjust to the situations where they find themselves. 4 Psychological adjustment refers to the behavioral process of balancing conflicting needs, or needs against obstacles in the environment. Humans regularly do this, for example, when they are stimulated by their physiological state to seek food, they eat (if possible) to reduce their hunger and thus adjust to the hunger stimulus. Adjustment disorder occurs when there is an inability to make a normal adjustment to some need or stress in the environment. Adjustment is the process by which a person maintains a balance between its needs and the circumstance that influence the satisfaction of these needs (Shaffer, 2016). Adjustment refers to any operation whereby an organism or organ becomes more favourably related to the environment or to the entire situation, environment and internal forces (Warren, 1934). Adjustment refers to active creative efforts to live effectively. This requires gaining skills through interaction with one’s world acquiring a degree of control over one’s daily life successfully meeting life’s challenge and self-understanding and the ability to make accurate judgment about people and place (Newman & Newman 2013). Psychologicaldisorders may be extremely common among IDPS because is characterized by the development of emotional and/or behavioral symptoms (such as, depression, anxiety, terrorism, communal clashes, religious conflicts, riots, and natural disasters) in response to a specific stressor or stressors within their environment.
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